- Ureteral disease is a category of conditions where problems with urine flow occur due to the blockage or damage of the ureters, which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- Causes may include urinary stones, stenosis, congenital structural abnormalities, urinary reflux, tumors, inflammation, or damage resulting from surgery or trauma.
- The muscles in the ureteral wall repeatedly contract and relax to push urine into the bladder; if the flow is blocked, urine may stagnate or pressure may be transmitted toward the kidney.
- Representative symptoms include flank or abdominal pain, hematuria, abnormal urination, and recurrent urinary tract infections, though some individuals may have almost no symptoms.
- Symptoms and course vary depending on the location and degree of obstruction, the speed of onset, whether one or both ureters are involved, the presence of infection, kidney function, and the cause.
- Partial and temporary issues may improve, but persistent obstruction or infection can lead to decreased kidney function and complications, making proper evaluation and follow-up important.
- Diagnosis is conducted by combining urinalysis, blood tests, imaging tests, and endoscopy if necessary, based on symptoms and physical examination, to identify the cause and urine flow.
- Abnormal test results alone cannot definitively determine the cause or severity, and imaging findings must be interpreted along with symptoms, kidney function, and the presence of infection.
- Management focuses on eliminating the cause, restoring urinary flow, controlling pain, assessing for infection, and preserving renal function, with observation, procedural intervention, or surgery selected based on clinical circumstances.
- Treatment is determined by the underlying cause and anatomical abnormalities; obstructions unresponsive to medication alone may require urinary drainage procedures or interventions to widen the narrowed segment.